fix: preserve integer precision in trailing zeroes

[dajiaohuang]

Describe your change

• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add an algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in the same pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.

Details

Use integer division while removing trailing digits so large integer inputs retain their precision and the function continues returning an integer count. Part of #15187.

Validation

• uv run pytest maths/trailing_zeroes.py --doctest-modules -q
• uv run ruff check maths/trailing_zeroes.py
• uv run --with ty ty check maths/trailing_zeroes.py --output-format=concise
• uvx pre-commit run --files maths/trailing_zeroes.py

[cclauss]

ON HOLD: Our focus is on merging or closing old pull requests before October 1st.

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